美国关税大棒下，欧美车企“受伤”几何？

Under the US Tariff Club, How Badly are European and American Automakers “Hurt”?

美国挥动关税大棒，首当其冲“中招”的便是一批欧美车企。
When the US wields the tariff club, a number of European and American automakers are the first to be hit.

近期一则重磅消息令人咋舌：由于美国增加关税，拥有玛莎拉蒂、Jeep等14个品牌的全球第四大车企Stellantis（斯泰兰蒂斯），无奈宣布裁撤900名美国工人，同时关闭加拿大和墨西哥的两家工厂，致使北美生产线陷入瘫痪状态。
Recently, a piece of shocking news came out: due to the US tariff increase, Stellantis, the world’s fourth - largest automaker with 14 brands including Maserati and Jeep, had no choice but to announce the layoff of 900 American workers and the closure of two factories in Canada and Mexico, paralyzing the North American production lines.

据央视新闻报道，受美国总统特朗普宣布提升进口汽车关税政策的影响，德国奥迪汽车公司也做出重大决策。从即日起，暂停向美国经销商交付新生产车辆。4月7日，该公司官方发言人正式确认此消息，并对具体执行细节进行说明。
According to CCTV News, affected by the policy of increasing import car tariffs announced by US President Trump, German automaker Audi also made a major decision. As of now, it has suspended the delivery of newly produced vehicles to US dealers. On April 7, the company’s official spokesperson officially confirmed this news and explained the specific implementation details.

奥迪公司明确表示，自4月2日起，所有运抵美国港口的车辆将实施临时扣押，暂不执行向经销商的交付流程。发言人特别强调：“现阶段经销商应优先处理库存去化工作”。据统计，奥迪目前在美国市场还有37,000余辆未受新关税政策影响的库存车辆，这些库存规模大约可维持两个月的市场供给需求。
Audi clearly stated that since April 2, all vehicles arriving at US ports will be temporarily detained, and the delivery process to dealers will not be carried out for the time being. The spokesperson especially emphasized: “At this stage, dealers should prioritize the work of inventory clearance.” According to statistics, Audi currently has more than 37,000 inventory vehicles in the US market that are not affected by the new tariff policy, and this inventory scale can approximately maintain the market supply demand for two months.

另外，据央视转引英国《泰晤士报》4月5日的报道，美国总统特朗普于3日正式生效的进口汽车25%关税加征政策，让捷豹路虎汽车集团不得不采取紧急应对措施。作为拥有3.8万名员工的英国汽车制造商，捷豹路虎表示将暂停向美国市场出口车辆。美国作为其全球最大单一市场，该集团每年向美国出口近10万辆汽车，占其全球总销量的四分之一。
In addition, according to a report on April 5 in the British “The Times” quoted by CCTV, the 25% tariff increase policy on imported cars officially implemented by US President Trump on the 3rd forced Jaguar Land Rover to take emergency countermeasures. As a British automaker with 38,000 employees, Jaguar Land Rover said it would suspend vehicle exports to the US market. The US is its largest single market globally, and the group exports nearly 100,000 vehicles to the US every year, accounting for a quarter of its global total sales.

美联社最新报道指出，当前英国汽车产业正面临国内市场需求疲软与电动化转型的双重挑战。特朗普关税政策实施后，预计将对该国汽车产业造成重大冲击，多达2.5万个与汽车产业链相关的就业岗位可能受到危及。这一政策调整的影响不仅局限于整车制造环节，更会波及上下游供应链体系，对英国汽车产业的可持续发展构成严峻考验。
The latest report from the Associated Press pointed out that the current British automotive industry is facing the dual challenges of weak domestic market demand and electrification transformation. After the implementation of Trump’s tariff policy, it is expected to have a significant impact on the country’s automotive industry, and up to 25,000 jobs related to the automotive industry chain may be endangered. The impact of this policy adjustment is not limited to the vehicle manufacturing link, but will also affect the upstream and downstream supply chain systems, posing a severe test to the sustainable development of the British automotive industry.

以上还仅仅是欧洲车企的部分案例，实际上，众多美国本土车企同样叫苦不迭。
The above are just some cases of European automakers. In fact, many American domestic automakers are also complaining bitterly.

美国车企：不堪重负

American Automakers: Overwhelmed

中国决定对原产于美国的部分进口商品实施加征关税措施，这一举措涵盖大排量乘用车（包括轿车、SUV等车型）及皮卡类汽车产品。此次关税调整专门针对美国原产地进口车辆，并采用阶梯式税率结构，即车辆发动机排量越大，对应加征税率越高。简单来说，车辆市场售价与关税增幅成正比，车辆价值越高，关税上调幅度越大。
China has decided to impose additional tariffs on some imported goods originating from the US. This measure covers large - displacement passenger vehicles (including sedans, SUVs, etc.) and pickup - type automotive products. This tariff adjustment is specifically aimed at imported vehicles originating from the US and adopts a stepped tax rate structure, that is, the larger the engine displacement of the vehicle, the higher the corresponding additional tax rate. Simply put, the market selling price of the vehicle is directly proportional to the tariff increase. The higher the value of the vehicle, the greater the tariff increase.

具体受影响车型有：福特品牌旗下Mustang（野马）系列跑车、F - 150 Raptor（猛禽）高性能皮卡、Navigator（领航员）全尺寸SUV；通用汽车集团旗下Tahoe（太浩）、Yukon（育空）全尺寸SUV，以及Corvette（科尔维特）系列超级跑车。此外，像梅赛德斯 - 奔驰GLS级大型豪华SUV、宝马X7级全尺寸SUV等高油耗车型，虽为德系品牌但在美国本土生产，同样在加征范围之内。
Specific affected models include the Mustang series sports cars, F - 150 Raptor high - performance pickups, and Navigator full - size SUVs under the Ford brand; the Tahoe and Yukon full - size SUVs, as well as the Corvette series supercars under the General Motors Group. In addition, high - fuel - consumption models such as the Mercedes - Benz GLS - class large luxury SUV and the BMW X7 - class full - size SUV, although they are German brands but produced in the US, are also within the scope of the additional tariffs.

以雪佛兰科尔维特C8 Z06车型为例，自今年2月关税调整以来，该车型因税率变动已额外承担约30万元人民币的成本。本次新一轮关税加征措施实施后，其成本增幅将再增100万元人民币。综合两次关税调整，该车型单车成本累计上涨达130万元人民币。
Take the Chevrolet Corvette C8 Z06 model as an example. Since the tariff adjustment in February this year, this model has borne an additional cost of approximately 300,000 yuan due to the tax rate change. After the implementation of this new round of tariff increase measures, its cost will increase by another 1 million yuan. Combining the two tariff adjustments, the unit cost of this model has increased by a total of 1.3 million yuan.

如此大幅度的成本增幅，对市场定价体系会产生怎样的影响呢？从市场规律来看，此类高价值跑车在关税成本上涨三倍的冲击下，其在中国市场的生存空间将面临严峻挑战。毕竟，很少有消费者愿意为原本定价高昂的跑车支付三倍的溢价。而且，关税调整引发的连锁反应不容忽视——购置税与豪车税的税率基数将随车价同步上浮，此前未触发豪车税的车型配置可能直接突破征税标准。
What impact will such a large - scale cost increase have on the market pricing system? From the perspective of market laws, under the impact of a three - fold increase in tariff costs, the survival space of such high - value sports cars in the Chinese market will face severe challenges. After all, few consumers are willing to pay a three - fold premium for a sports car that is already expensive. Moreover, the chain reaction triggered by the tariff adjustment cannot be ignored - the tax rate bases of the purchase tax and luxury car tax will increase simultaneously with the vehicle price, and the vehicle configurations that did not trigger the luxury car tax before may directly exceed the tax standard.

根据最新政策测算，豪车税起征点将降至约6.7万美元（按当前汇率折算约合人民币48万元），创下历史新低。这一政策调整将显著削弱美系进口车的市场竞争力，使得在同等预算条件下，消费者更倾向于选择品牌溢价能力更强的德系AMG系列，或者更具使用经济性的本土高端新能源车型。
According to the calculation of the latest policy, the starting point for the luxury car tax will be reduced to approximately ＄67,000 (equivalent to approximately 480,000 yuan at the current exchange rate), reaching a historical low. This policy adjustment will significantly weaken the market competitiveness of American - made imported cars. Under the same budget conditions, consumers are more inclined to choose the German AMG series with stronger brand premium capabilities or local high - end new energy models with better cost - effectiveness.

对于美系汽车制造商而言，此次关税调整可谓是毁灭性打击。中国汽车工业协会统计数据显示，2023年美系进口车在中国市场的占有率已萎缩至6.8%。本次关税政策实施后，预计美系进口车年度销量将进一步下滑15% - 20%。一位有着二十余年行业经验的观察者表示，如此直接且剧烈的税率冲击实属罕见，其影响已超出单纯成本增加的范畴，实际上是对特定细分市场的系统性重构。
For American automakers, this tariff adjustment is a devastating blow. Statistical data from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers shows that the market share of American - made imported cars in the Chinese market has shrunk to 6.8% in 2023. After the implementation of this tariff policy, it is expected that the annual sales volume of American - made imported cars will further decline by 15% - 20%. An observer with more than 20 years of industry experience said that such a direct and drastic tax rate shock is rare, and its impact has gone beyond the simple increase in costs. In fact, it is a systematic reconstruction of a specific market segment.

在这一市场格局的剧变中，本土高端汽车品牌或许将成为最大受益者。随着蔚来ET9、仰望U8等自主高端车型的持续放量，关税政策引发的市场震荡正在重塑中国豪华汽车市场的竞争版图。这一趋势不仅体现了国内汽车产业升级的阶段性成果，更预示着全球汽车产业格局的深刻变革。
In this drastic change in the market pattern, local high - end automotive brands may become the biggest beneficiaries. With the continuous expansion of self - developed high - end models such as the NIO ET9 and Yangwang U8, the market shock triggered by the tariff policy is reshaping the competitive landscape of the Chinese luxury car market. This trend not only reflects the phased results of the domestic automotive industry upgrade but also indicates a profound change in the global automotive industry pattern.

马斯克的焦虑：特斯拉的困境

Musk’s Anxiety: Tesla’s Dilemma

作为电动汽车领域的领军者以及美国新兴的当红车企，特斯拉公司不仅在美国本土设有生产设施，在全球范围内也构建了广泛的销售和服务网络。然而，美国政府举起的关税大棒，让特斯拉遭遇了前所未有的挑战。
As a leader in the electric vehicle field and a rising star among emerging American automakers, Tesla not only has production facilities in the US but also has built an extensive sales and service network globally. However, the tariff club raised by the US government has brought unprecedented challenges to Tesla.

尽管特斯拉在美国境内有工厂，但其车辆约五分之一到四分之一的零部件依赖进口，特别是来自墨西哥等国家的供应。这就意味着新关税将直接推高特斯拉的生产成本，每辆车的成本将上升数千美元不等。虽然特斯拉一直在努力推动供应链本土化，但由于部分特定零部件在美国难以采购甚至无法获取，企业只能继续依赖进口，从而承受高额关税带来的压力。
Although Tesla has factories in the US, about one - fifth to one - quarter of its vehicle parts rely on imports, especially from countries such as Mexico. This means that the new tariffs will directly increase Tesla’s production costs, and the cost of each vehicle will increase by several thousand dollars. Although Tesla has been striving to localize its supply chain, due to the difficulty or even inability to purchase some specific parts in the US, the company can only continue to rely on imports and thus bear the pressure brought by high tariffs.

特斯拉在全球市场的布局也可能受到波及。关税壁垒会削弱特斯拉在国际市场的竞争力，因为更高的成本可能会转嫁给消费者，导致产品价格失去优势。尤其是在中国市场，受中美贸易紧张关系以及当地汽车市场衰退的影响，特斯拉已经面临销量下滑的压力。新的关税政策无疑让这一困境雪上加霜，迫使特斯拉在中国及其他国际市场重新审视定价策略和市场份额。
Tesla’s global market layout may also be affected. Tariff barriers will weaken Tesla’s competitiveness in the international market because higher costs may be passed on to consumers, causing the product price to lose its advantage. Especially in the Chinese market, affected by the tense Sino - US trade relations and the local automotive market recession, Tesla is already under the pressure of declining sales. The new tariff policy undoubtedly worsens this dilemma, forcing Tesla to re - examine its pricing strategy and market share in China and other international markets.

特斯拉CEO埃隆·马斯克公开表示，关税措施对其公司的影响“不容小觑”，并着重强调这对从其他国家进口的汽车零部件价格造成了重大影响。考虑到特斯拉正在建设中的柏林超级工厂和上海超级工厂，这些海外生产基地同样依赖全球供应链，因此也会受到美国关税政策的间接冲击。
Tesla CEO Elon Musk publicly stated that the impact of tariff measures on his company “should not be underestimated” and emphasized that it has a significant impact on the prices of auto parts imported from other countries. Considering Tesla’s Berlin Gigafactory and Shanghai Gigafactory under construction, these overseas production bases also rely on the global supply chain and will therefore be indirectly affected by the US tariff policy.

从长远来看，关税战或许会促使特斯拉进一步寻求供应链多元化和技术革新，以降低对外部供应商的依赖，减少整体运营风险。不过，短期内实现这种转变并非易事，需要大量的资金投入和时间沉淀。与此同时，宝马、戴姆勒等竞争对手也在积极调整自身战略，力求在全球汽车产业格局变化中占据有利地位。美国的关税政策从多个方面对特斯拉构成了致命威胁，包括生产成本增加、国际市场竞争力削弱以及供应链管理难度加大等。
In the long run, the tariff war may prompt Tesla to further seek supply chain diversification and technological innovation to reduce its dependence on external suppliers and reduce overall operational risks. However, it is not easy to achieve this transformation in the short term, as it requires a large amount of capital investment and time. At the same time, competitors such as BMW and Daimler are also actively adjusting their strategies to strive for a favorable position in the changing global automotive industry pattern. The US tariff policy poses a fatal threat to Tesla in many aspects, including increased production costs, weakened international market competitiveness, and increased supply chain management difficulties.

美国的关税大棒，不仅给欧美汽车行业带来沉重打击，更令人担忧的是，当地汽车产业链多达数十万个工作岗位也因此受到危及，引发社会恐慌。
The US tariff club not only brings a heavy blow to the European and American automotive industries, but more worryingly, hundreds of thousands of jobs in the local automotive industry chain are also endangered, causing social panic.